Akhir-akhir ini kita sering mendengar berita tentang menjamurnya atau membumingnya sebuah situs kumunitas sosial yang memiliki brand Facebook. Banyak pengguna internet menggunakan situs tersebut untuk bersosialisasi dengan teman-teman nya, termasuk pengguna internet kalangan pelajar dan mahasiswa (termasuk saya). Hal ini merupakan sebuah fenomena wajar karena saat ini kita sebagai pengguna internet sangat dimanjakan dengan tarif internet yang semakin miring atau bahkan gratis (ditempat-tempat free hotspot).

Pertanyaan yang kemudian muncul adalah, apakah koneksi internet mereka hanya digunakan untuk bersosialisasi saja? Padahal, internet merupakan tempatnya atau lebih tepatnya disebut MAHA GUDANG informasi yang dapat digali, yang dalam hal ini siswa dan mahasiswa dapat menggunakan koneksi internet tersebut untuk mencari data atau informasi yang berguna bagi kelangsungan studinya.

Saya punya pengalaman pribadi, pernah ada teman saya yang sudah punya koneksi internet menanyakan kepada saya mengenai tugas salah satu mata kuliah lalu saya jawab “tanyakan ke bang Google.” Ini membuktikan bahwa kita selaku pelajar dan mahasiswa belum mengetahui atau lebih tepatnya belum mengoptimalkan internet sebagai mesin pencari pengetahuan.

Sebenarnya internet membuat beberapa ancaman baru bagi peserta didik diantaranya :

1. Banyak sekali siswa-siswi sudah biasa membuang terlalu banyak waktu main games, misalnya Play Station dan Games Online.
2. Terlalu banyak siswa-siswi juga sudah mulai menghabiskan banyak waktu di Internet di situs-situs hiburan (atau cari jodoh) seperti Facebook, Yahoo Messenger dan Friendster
3. Lebih dari 90% bahan dan informasi yang bermutu, yang dapat meluaskan dan membuka pikiran dan kreativitas anak kita di Internet dalam bahasa Inggris. (ini terjadi karena kemampuan bahasa inggris kita kurang.)

Apakah sekarang internet hanya digunakan untuk bersenang-senang semata? Apakah internet sekarang hanya digunakan untuk chating saja?

Pertanyaan ini hendaknya kita jawab dengan jujur…

ada lagi yang dapat kita baca ttg windows 7. (tugas kali ini aku bikin 2) http://liaschoolbook.blogspot.com/2011/03/satu-lagi-dari-mocrosoft-windows-7.html

skrng aku pingin mbahas ttg windows 7, OS terbaru ter anyar dan tercanggihhh dari perusahaan microsoft ini uda di rilis tanggal 22 juli 2009. this is the recap. (pake bahasa inggris sekalian latian.. kan RSBI)

Development

Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP (codename Whistler) and Windows Server 2003. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed "Longhorn," was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.By the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. After three major virusesexploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time period in 2003, Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn's major development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.

Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006 and again Windows 7 in 2007. In 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system. There has been some confusion over naming the product Windows 7, while versioning it as 6.1 to indicate its similar build to Vista and increase compatibility with applications that only check major version numbers, similar toWindows 2000 and Windows XP both having 5.x version numbers.

The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, build 6519. At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. Copies of Windows 7 build 6801 were distributed at the end of the conference; however, the demonstrated taskbar was disabled in this build.

On December 27, 2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent. According to a performance test by ZDNet,Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas; including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents. Other areas did not beat XP; including PC Pro benchmarks for typical office activities and video editing, which remain identical to Vista and slower than XP. On January 7, 2009, the 64-bit version of the Windows 7 Beta (build 7000) was leaked onto the web, with some torrents being infected with a trojan. At CES 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the Windows 7 Beta, build 7000, had been made available for download to MSDN and TechNet subscribers in the format of an ISO image. The Beta was to be publicly released January 9, 2009, and Microsoft initially planned for the download to be made available to 2.5 million people on this date. However, access to the downloads was delayed because of high traffic. The download limit was also extended, initially until January 24, then again to February 10. People who did not complete downloading the beta had two extra days to complete the download. After February 12, unfinished downloads became unable to complete. Users could still obtain product keys from Microsoft to activate their copies of Windows 7 Beta, which expired on August 1, 2009.

The release candidate, build 7100, became available for MSDN and TechNet subscribers and Connect Program participants on April 30, 2009. On May 5, 2009 it became available to the general public, although it had also been leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent. The release candidate was available in five languages and expired on June 1, 2010, with shutdowns every two hours starting March 1, 2010. Microsoft stated that Windows 7 would be released to the general public on October 22, 2009. Microsoft released Windows 7 to MSDN and Technet subscribers on August 6, 2009, at 10:00 a.m. PDT. Microsoft announced that Windows 7, along with Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009. Windows 7 RTM is build 7600.16385.090713-1255, which was compiled on July 13, 2009, and was declared the final RTM build after passing all Microsoft's tests internally.

Features

The new Action Center, which replaces Windows Security Center

When the action center flag is clicked on, it displays a thumbnail with any security issues listed.

Windows 7 includes a number of new features, such as advances in touch and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard disks, improved performance on multi-core processors, improved boot performance,DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter), a new version of Windows Media Center, a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, the XPS Essentials Pack and Windows PowerShell being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion. Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner, Display Color Calibration Wizard, Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display. Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses bothsecurity and maintenance of the computer. Readyboost on 32bit editions now supports up to 256 Gigabytes of extra allocation. The default setting for User Account Control in Windows 7 has been criticized for allowing untrusted software to be launched with elevated privileges without a prompt by exploiting a trusted application. Microsoft's Windows kernel engineer Mark Russinovich acknowledged the problem, but noted that malware can also compromise a system when users agree to a prompt. Windows 7 also supports images in the RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Window Media Center.

The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the "Superbar" allowing applications to be pinned to the taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable the Jump Lists feature to allow easy access to common tasks. The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktopAero Peek. Hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop. In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly wider to accommodate being pressed with a finger. Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them. Additionally, there is a feature named Aero Snap, that automatically maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top of the screen. Dragging windows to the left/right edges of the screen allows users to snap documents or files on either side of the screen for comparison between windows. When a user moves windows that were maximized using Aero Snap, the system restores their previous state automatically. This functionality is also accomplished with keyboard shortcuts. Unlike in Windows Vista, window borders and the taskbar do not turn opaque when a window is maximized with Windows Aero applied. Instead, they remain translucent. icon. This button is part of the new feature in Windows 7 called

For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),new features to shorten application install times, reduced UAC prompts, simplified development of installation packages, and improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API. At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB. Microsoft has also implemented better support for solid-state drives, including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Microsoft is planning to support USB 3.0 in a subsequent patch, support not being included in the initial release due to delays in the finalization of the standard.

Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Windows 7 includes Internet Explorer 8 and Windows Media Player 12.

Removed features

Users are also able to disable many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and the Windows Gadget Platform. Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata. A new version of Microsoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions. It allows multiple Windows environments, includingWindows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine and redirects displayed applications running in Windows XP to the Windows 7 desktop. Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD, however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions. The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments. The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista Starter Edition, has been removed from Windows 7.

Certain capabilities and Programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have been changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionalities. These include the classic Start Menu user interface, some taskbar features, Windows Explorer features, Windows Media Player features, Windows Ultimate Extras and InkBall. Four applications bundled with Windows Vista — Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, Windows Calendar and Windows Mail — are not included with Windows 7, but applications with close functionality are instead available for free in a separate package called Windows Live Essentials which can be downloaded on the Microsoft website. Although Windows Ultimate Extras was removed, many of the extras can be installed separately. Most popular extras were Microsoft Texas Hold 'em, Microsoft Tinker, and Windows DreamScene. InkBall may also be installed into Windows 7.

Hardware requirements

Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7

Architecture	32-bit	64-bit
Processor	1 GHz x86 processor	1 GHz x86-64 processor
Memory (RAM)	1 GB	2 GB
Graphics Card	DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM driver model 1.0 (Not absolutely necessary; only required for Aero)
HDD free space	16 GB of free disk space	20 GB of free disk space
Optical drive	DVD drive (only to install from DVD/CD Media)

Microsoft has published the minimum specifications for a system to run Windows 7. Requirements for the 32-bit version are similar to that of premium editions of Vista, but are higher for 64-bit versions. Microsoft has released an upgrade advisor that determines if a computer is compatible with Windows 7. Although the Nvidia GeForce FX (5xxx) series graphics cards meet the minimum hardware requirement, nVidia has decided not to produce Windows 7 compatible drivers for anything below the GeForce 6 Series.

Additional requirements to use certain features:

• Windows XP Mode (Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise): Requires an additional 1GB of RAM and additional 15GB of available hard disk space. The requirement for a processor capable of hardware virtualization has been lifted.^[116]
• Windows Media Center (included in Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise), requires a TV tuner to receive and record TV.

Physical memory limits

Maximum limits on physical memory (RAM) that Windows 7 can address vary depending on both the Windows version and between 32-bit and 64-bit versions. The following table specifies the maximum physical memory limits supported:

Physical memory limits for Windows 7 versions

Version	Limit in 32-bit Windows	Limit in 64-bit Windows
Windows 7 Ultimate	4 GB	192 GB
Windows 7 Enterprise	4 GB	192 GB
Windows 7 Professional	4 GB	192 GB
Windows 7 Home Premium	4 GB	16 GB
Windows 7 Home Basic	4 GB	8 GB
Windows 7 Starter	2 GB	N/A

Multi-core processor and multiprocessor limits

The maximum total quantity of logical processors in a PC that Windows 7 supports is: 32 for 32-bit, 256 for 64-bit. The maximum quantity of physical processors of a PC that Windows 7 supports is: 2 for Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate; 1 for Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium.

Kelebihan :
1. proses boot/shut down lebih cepat
2. konsumsi daya CPU, hard disk (HD) dan memori yang dibutuhkan system service lebih sedikit
3. Mengoptimisasi prefetching baik untuk HD maupun SSD
4. Tampilan Lebih bagus dari segi 3 demensinya yang menonjol
5. Fitur sekurity yang benar-benar ketat.

Kelemahan / Kekurangan :
1. Beberapa aplikasi belum bisa beroperasi di Windows 7
2. Bug pada Windows Player 12
3. Ada hardware yang bisa langsung dikenali di Vista, tapi tidak di Windows 7
4. Susah memaksa software yang sebelumnya bisa dipaksakan diinstall di Vista, juga dipasang di Windows 7

Nah, begitu kurang lebihnya. Gimana? Tertarik? Windows 7 di Indonesia sudah siap dibawa pulang dengan harga 900rb sampai 3,5juta

aku punya mainan yang asik tapi bikinnya gampaang.. mainan ini ada nih pas di episode mr bean yang dia main di science fair. Cara mainnya kita harus mindahin lingkaran yang itu dari ujung sampe ke ujung lagi tanpa ngenain kawatnya.. kalo kena kawatnya nanti bel/ lampu bunyikalah dehh. bisa sih beli aja di toko mainan besar tapi ya lumayan mahal. ini nih gampangnya:

ALAT BAHAN:
Triplek (ukurannya terserah deh)
2 Kayu kecil untuk jadi sanggahannya
Baterai 2 dan tempat baterainya
Kabel (disesuaikan dengan besar triplek)
Kawat (semakin 'mbulet' tracknya, semakin banyak yang diperlukan)
Paku
Palu
Lem / Lakban
Cara perakitan:
1. Siapkan papan triplek pasang 2 kayu pada setiap ujungnya posisi berdiri sebagai penyanggah dengan paku (atau perekat lainnya)
2. Bengkok2an kawat sesuai keinginan, plester kedua ujungnya pada tiang penyanggah
3. rangkai kabel-lampu-baterai-kabel dengan ujung O sebagai pegangan untuk bermain, masukan kedalam kawat. sedangkan ujung satunya disambung dengan kawat.

Nah, sekarang sudah jadi. jadi kalo kamu gagal, lampu akan menyala karna pegangan Onya nyentuh kawat dan akhirnya menyambungkan seluruh sirkuit.

Aku, bella, miftah, rachmad pernah bikin ginian pas kelas 7,
tapi sayang aku gada dokumentasi fotonya
sekarang barangnya uda di kumpul ke bu filen..
gatau deh sama bu filen di simpen dimana..

this product is booming in indonesia lately.. so this is information for ya

Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc. Android was bought by Google in 2005. Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010, with a third quarter market share of 43.6%.

Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 200,000 apps available for Android.Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from third-party sites (AT&T only permits third-party apps on their Aria phone ). Developers write primarily in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. Python, Ruby and other languages are also available for Android development via the Android Scripting Environment.

The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 79 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.

Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.

The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.

The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation. Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.

Usage share

Data collected during two weeks ending on January 4, 2011
Other: 0.1% of devices running obsolete versions

Data collected during two weeks ending on January 4, 2011

Sebuah rekaman tulisan yang menerangkan bahwa interaksi sosial dapat dilakukan juga melalui sebuah jaringan komputer terdapat pada seri memo yang ditulis oleh J.C.R. Licklider dari MIT (Massachuset Institut of Technology) pada bulan Agustus tahun 1962. Dalam memo tersebut diuraikan konsep "Galactic Network"nya. Dia memiliki visi sebuah jaringan komputer global yang saling berhubungan dimana setiap orang dapat akses data dan program secara cepat dari tempat manapun. Semangat konsep tersebut sangat sesuai seperti internet yang ada

sekarang. Licklider adalah pimpinan pertama riset program komputer dari projek DARPA, 4 yang dimulai bulan Oktober 1962. Selama di DARPA dia bekerjasama dengan Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, dan seorang peneliti MIT, Lawrence G. Roberts. Leonard Kleinrock di MIT mempublikasikan tulisanya berjudul " The first paper on packet switching theory" dalam bulan July 1961 dan "The first book on the subject" di tahun 1964. Kleinrock sepaham dengan Roberts dalam teori

kelayakan komunikasi mempergunakan sistem paket data dari pada hanya mempergunakan sebuah rangkaian elektronik. Teori ini merupakan cikal bakal adanya jaringan komputer. Langkah penting lainnnya adalah membuat komputer dapat berkomunikasi secara bersama-sama. Untuk mmebuktikan hal ini, pada tahun 1965, Roberts bekerjasama dengan Thomas Merrill, menghubungkan komputer TX-2 yang ada di Mass dengan komputer Q-32 yang ada di California dengan mempergunakan sebuah saluran dial-up berkecepatan rendah. Ini merupakan sebuahjaringan komputer pertama yang luas yang pernah dibuat untuk pertama kalinya meski dalam skala kecil. Hasil dari percubaan ini adalah bukti bahawa pengunaan waktu dalam komputer-komputer tersebut dapat bekerja dengan baik,

menjalankan program dan mengambil atau mengedit data seperti yang biasa dilakukan pada sebuah mesin dengan remote control, namun rangkaian saklar system telepon kurang mendukung percobaan ini. Hipotesis Kleinrock tentang diperlukannya sebuah program paket pensaklaran terbukti.



Pada tahun 1966 Roberts pergi ke DARPA untuk mengembangkan konsep jaringan komputer dan dengan cepat merumuskan rencananya untuk ARPANET, yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 1967. Pada saat konferensi dimana dia harus mempresentasikan makalahnya tentang konsep paket dalam jaringan komputer, dalam konferensi tersebut juga ada sebuah makalah yang berhubungan dengan konsep paket pada jaringan komputer dari Inggris yang ditulis oleh Donald Davies dan Roger Scantlebury dari NPL. Scantlebury mengatakan pada Roberts tentang riset yang dilakukan NPL sebaik seperti yang dilakukan oleh Paul Baran dan lainnya di RAND. RAND group telah menulis sebuah makalah berjudul " paper on packet switching networks for secure voice" di lingkungan militer pada tahun 1964. Penelitian-penelitian tersebut dilakukan bersamaan oleh kelompok peneliti MIT, NPL dan RAND. Sedangkan para penelitinya tidak mengetahui apa yang dilakukan oleh kelompok peneliti lainnya. Kelompok peneliti MIT bekerja dalam kurun waktu 1961-1967, kelompok RAND bekerja dalam kurun waktu 1962-1965, dan kelompok NPL bekerja antara tahun 1964-1967. Kata paket telah diadopsi dari hasil kerja kelompok NPL dan diusulkan dipergunakan dalam saluran komunikasi data ARPANET, sehingga komunikasi data di dalam projek ini diubah dari 2.4 kbps menjadi 50 kbps. 5



Dalam bulan Agustus tahun 1968, setelah Roberts dan penyandang dana projek DARPA merevisi semua struktur dan spesifikasi ARPANET, sebuah RFQ dirilis DARPA untuk pengembangan salah satu komponen kunci, paket pensakalaran yang disebut Interface Message Processors (IMP's). RFQ telah dimenangkan dalam bulan Desember1968 oleh sebuah group yang dipimpin oleh Frank Heart dari Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). Sebagai tim dari BBN yang mengerjakan IMP's, Bob Kahn memerankan peran utama dalam desain arsitektur ARPANET. Topologi dan ekonomi jaringan didesain dan dioptimasi oleh Roberts bersama Howard Frank dan timnya dari

Network Analysis Corporation. Pengukuran sistem jaringan dilakukan oleh tim pimpinan Kleinrock di UCLA. 6 Karena awal dilakukannya pengembangan teori paket pensaklaran oleh Kleinrock, dan juga adanya perhatiannya yang serius pada analysis, design dan pengukuran, maka Network Measurement Center yang dibangun Kleinrock di UCLA telah terpilih sebagai node pertama projek ARPANET. Ini terjadi dalam bulan September tahun 1969 ketika BBN memasang IMP pertama di UCLA dan host komputer pertama telah tersambung. Projek Doug Engelbart yang menggarap "Augmentation of Human Intellect" (didalamnya terdapat NLS, sebuah system hypertext pertama) di Stanford Research Institute (SRI) kemudian dikembangkan menjadi node kedua. SRI mendukung Network Information Center, dipimpin oleh Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler dan berperan sebagai pemelihara table nama host ke address mapping sesuai dengan direktori RFC's. Sebulan kemudian, pada saat SRI telah tersambung ke ARPANET, pesan pertama dari host ke host telah dikirimkan dari laboratorium Kleinrock ke SRI. Dua node lainnya segera dibangun di UC Santa Barbara dan University of Utah. Dua node terakhir ini membuat projek aplikasi visual, dengan Glen Culler dan Burton Fried di UCSB bertugas mencari metoda-metoda untuk menampilkan fungsi-fungsi matematika mempergunakan "storage displays" agar dapat menjawab "problem of refresh" yang terjadi dalam jaringan. Robert Taylor dan Ivan Sutherland di Utah bertugas mencari metoda-metoda penampilan 3-D dalam jaringan. Sehingga pada akhir tahun 1969, empat komputer host telah tergabung bersama dalam inisial ARPANET, maka cikal bakal Internet telah lahir.



Komputer banyak yang disambungkan ke ARPANET pada tahun-tahun berikutnya dan tim bekerja melengkapi fungsi Host-to-Host protocol dan software jaringan komputer lainnya. Di bulan Desember tahun 1970, the Network Working Group (NWG) bekerja dibawah pimpinan S. Crocker menyelesaikan inisial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol, dan disebut Network Control Protocol (NCP). ARPANET secara lengkap mempergunakan NCP



selama periode 1971-1972 dan para pengguna jaringan komputer akhirnya dapat mulai melakukan pengembangan aplikasinya.



Dalam bulan Oktober tahun 1972, Kahn telah mengorganisasikan sebuah demonstrasi besar dan sukses ARPANET di International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). Ini merupakan untuk pertama kalinya diperkenalkan ke masyarakat. Dalam demo ini juga diperkenalkan inisial "hot" aplication, electronic mail (email). Dalam bulan Maret, Ray Tomlinson dari BBN membuat program penulisan pesan email, pengiriman dan pembaca pesan email pertama. Hal ini dilakukan atas dorongan kebutuhan ARPANET akan sebuah mekanisme koordinasi yang mudah. Dalam bulan July, Roberts mengembangkan utilitynya dengan membuat program email utility pertama ke dalam daftar, pemilihan untuk pembacaan, file, meneruskan (forward), dan memberikan jawaban sebuah pesan. Dari penemuan ini maka email merupakan aplikasi yang paling banyak dipergunakan dalam jaringan komputer selama beberapa dekade

YouTube adalah sebuah situs web video sharing (berbagi video) populer yang didirikan pada Februari 2005 oleh tiga orang bekas karyawan PayPal: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, dan Jawed Karim. Menurut perusahaan penelitian Internet Hitwise, pada Mei 2006 YouTube memiliki pangsa pasar sebesar 43 persen. Para pengguna dapat memuat, menonton, dan berbagi klip video secara gratis. Umumnya video-video di YouTube adalah klip musik (video klip), film, TV, serta video buatan para penggunanya sendiri. Format yang digunakan video-video di YouTube adalah .flv yang dapat diputar di penjelajah web yang memiliki plugin Flash Player.

Pada 9 Oktober 2006 diumumkan bahwa YouTube telah dibeli Google dengan harga US$1,65 miliar.Pada awal April 2008 beberapa ISP Indonesia menutup akses ke beberapa situs web termasuk YouTube karena memuat film Fitna. Awalnya pemblokiran berupa pemblokiran sepenuhnya terhadap seluruh situs web, namun kemudian diubah menjadi pemblokiran terhadap URL tertentu yang memuat video tersebut saja



History

YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal. Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, while Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, while Hurley commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible."

YouTube began as a venture-funded technology startup, primarily from a US$11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006 YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, CaliforniaThe domain name www.youtube.com was activated on February 14, 2005, and the website was developed over the subsequent months.

The first YouTube video was entitled Me at the zoo, and shows founder Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site

Wi-Fi merupakan kependekan dari Wireless Fidelity, yang memiliki pengertian yaitu sekumpulan standar yang digunakan untuk Jaringan Lokal Nirkabel (Wireless Local Area Networks- WLAN) yang didasari pada spesifikasi IEEE 802.11. Standar terbaru dari spesifikasi 802.11a atau b, seperti 802.16 g, saat ini sedang dalam penyusunan, spesifikasi terbaru tersebut menawarkan banyak peningkatan mulai dari luas cakupan yang lebih jauh hingga kecepatan transfernya

Awalnya Wi-Fi ditujukan untuk penggunaan perangkat nirkabel dan Jaringan Area Lokal (LAN), namun saat ini lebih banyak digunakan untuk mengakses internet. Hal ini memungkinan seseorang dengan komputer dengan kartu nirkabel (wireless card) atau personal digital assistant (PDA) untuk terhubung dengan internet dengan menggunakan titik akses (atau dikenal dengan hotspot) terdekat.

Wi-Fi dirancang berdasarkan spesifikasi IEEE 802.11. Sekarang ini ada empat variasi dari 802.11, yaitu:

• 802.11a
• 802.11b
• 802.11g
• 802.11n